The sixteen steps exist on one-level – and do not exist on another. This is very much like the situation involving Schrodinger's Cat within Western Physics. Patriarch Zhao Bichen (1860-1942) was very interested in the ‘modern’ attitude of the West and how this could be ‘integrated’ with the traditional Chinese ‘spiritualised’ view of the cosmos. As a consequence, Zhao Bichen often deliberately used both the traditional Chinese term and the familiar Western term so that both Chinese and Western people could theoretically study his system. I am told that this attitude of including Westerners may have originated with Master Xu Yun (1840-1959) - who first told Charles Luk (1898-1978) about Patriarch Zhao Bichen. Shortly after returning from the UK in 1935-36 – Charles Luk met with Patriarch Zhao Bichen – with the latter requested that Charles translates his (just finished) journal into English. Charles did not complete this task until 1970 where it was released as ‘Taoist Yoga’ as you know.
Adrian