At this Telegram LINK there are a number of very good e-books regarding the Dao - which includes Meditation, Herbalism, Qigong, Taijiquan, and TCM. Most documents are in PDF or EPUB format.
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The Mawangdui Tomb, was discovered in Changsha (Hunan) and excavated between 1971 – 1974. This Han Dynasty burial complex was sealed around 168 BCE. Amongst the many interesting finds is the ‘却谷食气篇’ (Que Gu Shi Qi Pian) - which covers the subject of ‘eating grain to boost qi-energy' - and the ‘导引图’ (Dao Yin Tu) or the ‘Stretching and Loosening Diagrams’, etc. The latter document is made of silk and contains forty-four distinct human figures painted on the surface with each holding a martial arts posture designed to strengthen inner and outer -energy! Today, these postures are found within many traditional martial arts styles – including Taijiquan, Bagua Zhang and Xingyi Quan – and are more commonly referred to as ‘qigong’ (气功) or ‘Breathe Self Cultivation.’ These exercises were not new in 168 BCE, and appear to be an expression of a well-known spiritual and physical self-cultivation exercise. Essentially, the bones are aligned so that the bodyweight is dropped down into the ground through the centre (marrow) of the bones so that the practitioner becomes ‘rooted’ to the ground and very difficult to move by pressure exerted from the outside. As the musculature is relaxed – the breathing is deep and full with the lower, middle and upper lung capacity being inflated without hindrance. This boosts the amount of oxygen available by a tremendous amount. All transitional moves are performed with the inward breathe – whilst the completed moves are finished at the point of the end of the outward breathe. The body moves with the inward breathe and becomes ‘still’ with the completion of the outward breathe. Now, the bodyweight stimulates the bone marrow as it ‘drops’ down into the floor through the centre of the bones. This strengthens the bones and enhances the manufacture of red blood cells. The bodyweight hits the floor (rooting the practitioner) and automatically ‘rebounds’ off of the floor and travels back up the centre of the bones to the top of the head (within advanced practice – the bodyweight both ‘drops’ and ‘rises through the centre of the bones simultaneously and without paradox or hindrance). This is a natural consequence of living in a gravitational field. This ‘rebounding’ force is the inner force that Masters use to move around their skeletal-frame (mediated by the musculature) so that it can be ‘emitted’ at any point at any time. This type of ‘inner’ power is dependent upon a) an aligned skeletal frame, b) a ‘gravitational field’ and c) a permanent an expansive ‘awareness’ of ‘a’ and ‘b’. It is not dependent upon the power generated by ‘contracting’ localised batches of muscles (i.e ‘external’ power) and once mastered continues to exist at exactly the same level of magnitude regardless of the state of fitness or well-being of the body. It is the transitioning from the easier ‘external’ method of generating force to that of the ‘internal’ method that is very difficult to achieve and which takes very careful instruction and long-term practice, etc. Drawing the Bow is a very old and effective method of training the mind and body. Do not be fooled by its apparent simplicity. Confucian scholars, as part of the tests for the ‘Official’ examination, had to fire the arrow from the bow with equal efficiency (and accuracy) from both sides of the body. That Is, holding the bow with the left-hand whilst pulling the bow-string and steadying and firing the arrow with the right-hand – and holding the bow with the right-hand whilst pulling the bow-string and steadying and firing the arrow with the left-hand. Like the hexagrams of the ‘Classic of Change’ (Yijing) - the Confucian scholar builds their shooting-posture from the ground upward – or from the ‘root’ upwards. Every section of the body is carefully ‘positioned’, ‘placed’ ‘moved’ and ‘re-set’, etc. Every moment of ‘stillness’ and ‘movement’ are performed only from the manifestation of a deep and full inward and outward breathe – as all movement is ‘breathe’ led just as it is ‘intention’ led. Breathe and ‘intention’ are the perfect integration of ‘mind’ (intention) and ‘body’ (breathe). Prior to taking the Official examinations, Confucian scholars would spend years studying the Five Classics and Four Books – whilst spending hours per day wielding the Chinese long-sword (Jian) and firing the bow and arrow. Many training Masters would not let their students even ‘hold’ a real weapon until they had demonstrated the mastery of the ‘daoyin’ (or ‘qigong’) equivalent! There is also evidence that the ’inflation’ of the body-cavities with ‘breath’ (qi-energy) - so that the body tissue takes on the buoyancy of an inflated ball – as found within the techniques that comprise the martial art of Taijiquan, is a very clever psychological and physical preparation for ‘firing the bow’. This would suggest that as the ‘Taiji’ concept appears in the ‘Classic of Change’, it would logically follow that ‘Taijiquan’ is a very advanced (internal) martial art developed for the use of training potential Confucian Scholar-Officials. When Taijiquan is mastered correctly, the required mind and body skills resemble that of a master of archery. Preparation for all Taijiquan self-defence techniques is performed with the building of a robust-intensity as found when a bow is at full draw! When a Taijiquan practitioner ‘emits’ massive force – this robust-intensity is suddenly ‘released’ and dissipates before being re-built yet again! This general (but important) building and releasing of inner (and outer) force explains why there are so many variants of drawing the bow. Generally, speaking, drawing the bow whilst standing in a high horse-stance and firing the arrow on an even level at shoulder height – is for Confucian scholars training for the Official examinations – whilst switching the weight onto a singly left or right-knee – whilst the arrow is fired into the sky at a 45 degree-angle is usually a preparation for Chinese soldiers training for ‘long-distance’ shooting. The point is that drawing and firing the bow is viewed as just as important as shooting a real bow as the exercise opens all the eight inner-energy channels and unites them into a single entity. Just as the mind is ‘stilled’ so all the eight inner-energies channels are reconciled into a single and all-embracing reality. The ‘still’ mind expands so that the inner awareness becomes all-embracing and appears to envelop the entire surrounding environment. The bow is picked-up, the bow is drawn and the arrow is fired – and at no point does the bow, arrow, or firing activity exist outside the perceiving mind. The many types of ‘drawing the bow’ methods demonstrate just how widespread and diverse this practice must have been throughout Old China. Drawing the bow combines the microcosmic orbit – or circulation of qi (vital force) and jing (essential nature) - as emphasised within the seated ‘neidan’ practice, and the macrocosmic orbit of the same energy as cultivated throughout the various modes of Chinese martial arts practice. The seated meditation of ‘neidan’ focuses upon the internal energy traveling from between the anus and the genitalia up the spinal-column to the centre of the top of the head with the inward breathe – whilst the same internal energy is taken from the top of the centre of the head and down the centre of the front of the body and back to the starting-point (between the genitalia and anus). The Governing Vessel travels from the spot between the genitalia and the anus and travels up the spine to the top of the head and then down the centre of the face the upper jaw just behind the two front teeth. The tongue touches the palate and connects the Governing Vessel to the Conception Vessel that starts in the upper-tongue and traverses down the centre of the front of the body to the starting-point situated between the genitalia and anus. As you can sees, the full inward breathe only follows the Governing Vessel up to the top of the head – whilst the outward breathe takes the energy flow down to the top jaw of the mouth and completes the stimulation of the Governing Vessel. This same outward breathe continues downward into (and through) the Conception Vessel (which begins in the lower jaw area of the mouth) which is shorter than the Governing Vessel by about one-third the length. This is the essence of the microcosmic orbit which extends laterally (either side of the spinal-column) and sinks a few inches into the depth of the body tissue with practice. When drawing the bow this practice (usually associated with ‘neidan’) is maintained but is augmented by the ‘opening’ all eight energy channels - which includes those traveling down the legs and arms. This can happen within seated ‘neidan’ practice by extending the scope of the conscious awareness during practice (which opens all the energy channels) and integrates the micro and macrocosmic orbits – but is assisted by the physical movements of the legs and arms utilised during the performing of the technique of ‘drawing the bow’. In the latter case, the inward breathe includes the entire posterior of the body (from the heels to the top of the head) - with the outer breathe covering the full anterior of the body (from the top of the head and back to the heels). This dynamic movement can add a new dimension to a practitioner’s inner and outer fitness! Obviously, the physical foundation varies between the seated practice of ‘neidan’ and the standing practice of drawing the bow. In the former the foundation is the bottom and the sides of the legs that directly touch the floor, whilst in the latter it is the soles of the feet. Although in essence this should not distract the mind from manifesting in the ten directions, this difference also implies that the drawing the bow method, despite its inner developmental component, has its practical roots within self-defence and martial arts practice. The sole of the foot is a platform for which the entire body can be traversed through the environment drawing a very powerful (gravitational-related) force from the environment which is channelled through the (mind) and body, and be used in self-defence as well as in the development of psychological and physical health. In other words, the type of body-foundation varies simply because a different part of the body is in continuous union with the ground. Whereas seated ‘neidan’ is best suited to a quiet, peaceful and isolated area, drawing the bow could well be used as a health-giving leisure activity, a ‘testing’ vehicle (as in the State examinations) and on the battlefield, etc. Much of this difference in application emanates from the fact that in one practice the adherent remains ‘sitting-down’ whilst in the other the adherent is also in the upright position and standing on his or her two-feet. In the cash of injury or disability to the lower part of the body, then both ‘neidan’ and ‘drawing the bow’ can manifest as practices which see the adherent comfortably ‘seated’ upon a chair or similar raised platform (within some types of Daoist practice, ‘neidan’ can be performed whilst sitting on a wooden device which ‘stimulates’ various key ‘pressure points’ between the anus and genitalia). Despite the obvious difference in physical technique, there should be no substantive difference in conscious awareness or spiritual development. Indeed, one practice should (and must) reflect the other.
Translator’s Note: The fifth-generation of the Longmen School is divided into two branches – that of Zhang Jingding and that of Shen Jingyuan. In the old days, generally speaking Daoist Masters passed-on their lineage to only one chosen disciple – regardless of how many (or few) students they taught. Although this was the accepted ‘rule’ it was not always followed for various reasons. Therefore, the fourth-generation Longmen Master – Zhou Xuanpu (周玄朴) - passed the fifth-generation transmission to Zhang Jingding and Shen Jingyuan. However, Zhou Xuanpu passed the fifth-generation transmission personally to Zhang Jingding – but requested that Zhang Jingding pass on the same fifth-generation transmission to Shen Jingyuan on his behalf (as a ‘distance’ so-to-speak). My research seems to indicate that this split in lineage is not always acknowledged in the Chinese-Language literature - as some sources 'ignore' the what they consider to be the 'side branches'. My view is that ALL lineage branches are of equal importance. ACW (23.3.2021).
The original first-name of Zhang Jingding was ‘Zong Ren’ (宗仁) whilst his Daoist-name was ‘Wu Wo Zi’ (无我子). His family came from the ‘Yuhang’ (余杭) area of Zhejiang province. In the Chinese-language text entitled ‘Golden Canopy (of the) Mind Lamp’ (金盖心灯 - Jin Gai Xin Deng) it states that he came from generations of Confucian scholars – whilst being skilled in the theory of ‘Essense’ (性 - Xing) and ‘logic of the underlying foundation of nature and its manifestation’ (理 - Li). During the reign of the Emperor Yongle (1402-1424) - Zhang Jingding studied the ‘Bright Classic’ (明经 - Ming Jing) - a text used to prepare the best Confucian candidates for placement in posts within the Chinese Imperial Civil Service. Despite being an outstanding scholar, however, Zhang Jingding decided to stay in relative seclusion and he took a simple teaching post in ‘Shaoxi’ (苕溪). After the death of both his parents, he abandoned his family home (and his studies) and took to a wandering existence – where he sought-out knowledgeable Daoist Masters. This journey took him as far as ‘Mount Tiantai’ (天台) and the ‘People’s Way Gate’ (人道门 - Ren Dao Men). Here, he studied the ‘Essential Nature Eight Sources’ (精八元 - Jing Ba Yuan), as well as the ‘Yang Classic’ (阳经 Yang Jing), and the ‘Self-Cultivation of the Transformation Energy Centre’ (丹诀 - Dan Jue). There were many more such titles, but over the years these special Daoist texts have become lost or destroyed. After returning to ‘Mount Qingcheng’ (青城山 - Qing Cheng Shan) he encountered ‘Zhou Yuanpu’ (周元朴). Zhou Yuanpu was impressed with the virtue and moral rectitude of Zhang Jingding – and advised him to continue to live in self-isolation and refine his neidan. Zhang Jingding stated that he would ‘know’ without being in his presence when his practice had matured. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Jingtai (1450) - Zhou Yuanpu sent one of his disciples to invite Zhang Jingding back to Qingcheng – where he transmitted the ‘Longmen’ (龙门) lineage to him. During the first year of the reign of the Emperor Jiajing (龙门) [1522] - Zhang Jingding passed away. He is considered the fifth-generation inheritor of the Longmen lineage. Chinese Language Text: https://baike.sogou.com/v4303691.htm |
AuthorAdrian Chan-Wyles (內丹 - Shi Da Dao) - Qianfeng Lineage: Zhao Bichen (1860-1942), Charles Luk (1898-1978) and Richard Hunn (1949-2006). Acknowledges Master Zhao Ming Wang (赵明旺) of Beijing as the ONLY Lineage Head of the Zhao Family Lineage of Qianfeng Daoism in China and the world. Archives
February 2024
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