Immortality has not really got anything to do with a long life lived over many years. A genuine Daoist must a) perceive the eternal moment, and b) integrate with that insight. As perception folds in on itself at the point of physical death – this is the only immortality that truly matters! We dissolve into the ‘eternal moment’ - this is the genuine ‘immortality’! The side-effects of taking the journey that leads to this insight involves the ‘neidan’ self-discipline and the pursuance of psychological and physical science that comprises ‘Daoist’ methodology. In this case, the functionality of the mind and body is brought to a maximised frequency whereby a robust health and a certain sense of longevity are definitely incorporated. Although this type of immortality is important – it is not the most favoured or elaborate of those available. We may give-up our bodies at the point of death and merge with the timeless universe – or we may remain in our no longer functioning bodies which retain the upright, seated meditation position. In this case, the physical is ‘dead’ in one sense, and yet ‘living’ in another – again, this is a matter of ‘frequency’ of manifestation. Furthermore, there are people who possess bodies that are permanently ill or injured (for various reasons), and yet they are considered ‘immortal’ by their teachers. This being the case, health is not always the complete lack of illness, injury or disability, and is reliant upon what the mind is able to ‘perceive’ rather than the state of the cells of the physical body. Such insight carries with it the power to revitalise the cellular structure of the human-body even if it is carrying an illness, injury or disability. The point is that life will improve for such successful aspirants and they will certainly live longer than if they had never trained. Immortality, of course, is linked to the purification of insight rather than any notions of physical purity. Physical purity does not exist as the body certainly does not last forever – but forever is a very long time!
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The Mawangdui Tomb, was discovered in Changsha (Hunan) and excavated between 1971 – 1974. This Han Dynasty burial complex was sealed around 168 BCE. Amongst the many interesting finds is the ‘却谷食气篇’ (Que Gu Shi Qi Pian) - which covers the subject of ‘eating grain to boost qi-energy' - and the ‘导引图’ (Dao Yin Tu) or the ‘Stretching and Loosening Diagrams’, etc. The latter document is made of silk and contains forty-four distinct human figures painted on the surface with each holding a martial arts posture designed to strengthen inner and outer -energy! Today, these postures are found within many traditional martial arts styles – including Taijiquan, Bagua Zhang and Xingyi Quan – and are more commonly referred to as ‘qigong’ (气功) or ‘Breathe Self Cultivation.’ These exercises were not new in 168 BCE, and appear to be an expression of a well-known spiritual and physical self-cultivation exercise. Essentially, the bones are aligned so that the bodyweight is dropped down into the ground through the centre (marrow) of the bones so that the practitioner becomes ‘rooted’ to the ground and very difficult to move by pressure exerted from the outside. As the musculature is relaxed – the breathing is deep and full with the lower, middle and upper lung capacity being inflated without hindrance. This boosts the amount of oxygen available by a tremendous amount. All transitional moves are performed with the inward breathe – whilst the completed moves are finished at the point of the end of the outward breathe. The body moves with the inward breathe and becomes ‘still’ with the completion of the outward breathe. Now, the bodyweight stimulates the bone marrow as it ‘drops’ down into the floor through the centre of the bones. This strengthens the bones and enhances the manufacture of red blood cells. The bodyweight hits the floor (rooting the practitioner) and automatically ‘rebounds’ off of the floor and travels back up the centre of the bones to the top of the head (within advanced practice – the bodyweight both ‘drops’ and ‘rises through the centre of the bones simultaneously and without paradox or hindrance). This is a natural consequence of living in a gravitational field. This ‘rebounding’ force is the inner force that Masters use to move around their skeletal-frame (mediated by the musculature) so that it can be ‘emitted’ at any point at any time. This type of ‘inner’ power is dependent upon a) an aligned skeletal frame, b) a ‘gravitational field’ and c) a permanent an expansive ‘awareness’ of ‘a’ and ‘b’. It is not dependent upon the power generated by ‘contracting’ localised batches of muscles (i.e ‘external’ power) and once mastered continues to exist at exactly the same level of magnitude regardless of the state of fitness or well-being of the body. It is the transitioning from the easier ‘external’ method of generating force to that of the ‘internal’ method that is very difficult to achieve and which takes very careful instruction and long-term practice, etc. Drawing the Bow is a very old and effective method of training the mind and body. Do not be fooled by its apparent simplicity. Confucian scholars, as part of the tests for the ‘Official’ examination, had to fire the arrow from the bow with equal efficiency (and accuracy) from both sides of the body. That Is, holding the bow with the left-hand whilst pulling the bow-string and steadying and firing the arrow with the right-hand – and holding the bow with the right-hand whilst pulling the bow-string and steadying and firing the arrow with the left-hand. Like the hexagrams of the ‘Classic of Change’ (Yijing) - the Confucian scholar builds their shooting-posture from the ground upward – or from the ‘root’ upwards. Every section of the body is carefully ‘positioned’, ‘placed’ ‘moved’ and ‘re-set’, etc. Every moment of ‘stillness’ and ‘movement’ are performed only from the manifestation of a deep and full inward and outward breathe – as all movement is ‘breathe’ led just as it is ‘intention’ led. Breathe and ‘intention’ are the perfect integration of ‘mind’ (intention) and ‘body’ (breathe). Prior to taking the Official examinations, Confucian scholars would spend years studying the Five Classics and Four Books – whilst spending hours per day wielding the Chinese long-sword (Jian) and firing the bow and arrow. Many training Masters would not let their students even ‘hold’ a real weapon until they had demonstrated the mastery of the ‘daoyin’ (or ‘qigong’) equivalent! There is also evidence that the ’inflation’ of the body-cavities with ‘breath’ (qi-energy) - so that the body tissue takes on the buoyancy of an inflated ball – as found within the techniques that comprise the martial art of Taijiquan, is a very clever psychological and physical preparation for ‘firing the bow’. This would suggest that as the ‘Taiji’ concept appears in the ‘Classic of Change’, it would logically follow that ‘Taijiquan’ is a very advanced (internal) martial art developed for the use of training potential Confucian Scholar-Officials. When Taijiquan is mastered correctly, the required mind and body skills resemble that of a master of archery. Preparation for all Taijiquan self-defence techniques is performed with the building of a robust-intensity as found when a bow is at full draw! When a Taijiquan practitioner ‘emits’ massive force – this robust-intensity is suddenly ‘released’ and dissipates before being re-built yet again! This general (but important) building and releasing of inner (and outer) force explains why there are so many variants of drawing the bow. Generally, speaking, drawing the bow whilst standing in a high horse-stance and firing the arrow on an even level at shoulder height – is for Confucian scholars training for the Official examinations – whilst switching the weight onto a singly left or right-knee – whilst the arrow is fired into the sky at a 45 degree-angle is usually a preparation for Chinese soldiers training for ‘long-distance’ shooting. The point is that drawing and firing the bow is viewed as just as important as shooting a real bow as the exercise opens all the eight inner-energy channels and unites them into a single entity. Just as the mind is ‘stilled’ so all the eight inner-energies channels are reconciled into a single and all-embracing reality. The ‘still’ mind expands so that the inner awareness becomes all-embracing and appears to envelop the entire surrounding environment. The bow is picked-up, the bow is drawn and the arrow is fired – and at no point does the bow, arrow, or firing activity exist outside the perceiving mind. The many types of ‘drawing the bow’ methods demonstrate just how widespread and diverse this practice must have been throughout Old China. Drawing the bow combines the microcosmic orbit – or circulation of qi (vital force) and jing (essential nature) - as emphasised within the seated ‘neidan’ practice, and the macrocosmic orbit of the same energy as cultivated throughout the various modes of Chinese martial arts practice. The seated meditation of ‘neidan’ focuses upon the internal energy traveling from between the anus and the genitalia up the spinal-column to the centre of the top of the head with the inward breathe – whilst the same internal energy is taken from the top of the centre of the head and down the centre of the front of the body and back to the starting-point (between the genitalia and anus). The Governing Vessel travels from the spot between the genitalia and the anus and travels up the spine to the top of the head and then down the centre of the face the upper jaw just behind the two front teeth. The tongue touches the palate and connects the Governing Vessel to the Conception Vessel that starts in the upper-tongue and traverses down the centre of the front of the body to the starting-point situated between the genitalia and anus. As you can sees, the full inward breathe only follows the Governing Vessel up to the top of the head – whilst the outward breathe takes the energy flow down to the top jaw of the mouth and completes the stimulation of the Governing Vessel. This same outward breathe continues downward into (and through) the Conception Vessel (which begins in the lower jaw area of the mouth) which is shorter than the Governing Vessel by about one-third the length. This is the essence of the microcosmic orbit which extends laterally (either side of the spinal-column) and sinks a few inches into the depth of the body tissue with practice. When drawing the bow this practice (usually associated with ‘neidan’) is maintained but is augmented by the ‘opening’ all eight energy channels - which includes those traveling down the legs and arms. This can happen within seated ‘neidan’ practice by extending the scope of the conscious awareness during practice (which opens all the energy channels) and integrates the micro and macrocosmic orbits – but is assisted by the physical movements of the legs and arms utilised during the performing of the technique of ‘drawing the bow’. In the latter case, the inward breathe includes the entire posterior of the body (from the heels to the top of the head) - with the outer breathe covering the full anterior of the body (from the top of the head and back to the heels). This dynamic movement can add a new dimension to a practitioner’s inner and outer fitness! Obviously, the physical foundation varies between the seated practice of ‘neidan’ and the standing practice of drawing the bow. In the former the foundation is the bottom and the sides of the legs that directly touch the floor, whilst in the latter it is the soles of the feet. Although in essence this should not distract the mind from manifesting in the ten directions, this difference also implies that the drawing the bow method, despite its inner developmental component, has its practical roots within self-defence and martial arts practice. The sole of the foot is a platform for which the entire body can be traversed through the environment drawing a very powerful (gravitational-related) force from the environment which is channelled through the (mind) and body, and be used in self-defence as well as in the development of psychological and physical health. In other words, the type of body-foundation varies simply because a different part of the body is in continuous union with the ground. Whereas seated ‘neidan’ is best suited to a quiet, peaceful and isolated area, drawing the bow could well be used as a health-giving leisure activity, a ‘testing’ vehicle (as in the State examinations) and on the battlefield, etc. Much of this difference in application emanates from the fact that in one practice the adherent remains ‘sitting-down’ whilst in the other the adherent is also in the upright position and standing on his or her two-feet. In the cash of injury or disability to the lower part of the body, then both ‘neidan’ and ‘drawing the bow’ can manifest as practices which see the adherent comfortably ‘seated’ upon a chair or similar raised platform (within some types of Daoist practice, ‘neidan’ can be performed whilst sitting on a wooden device which ‘stimulates’ various key ‘pressure points’ between the anus and genitalia). Despite the obvious difference in physical technique, there should be no substantive difference in conscious awareness or spiritual development. Indeed, one practice should (and must) reflect the other.
A number of my academic colleagues in Mainland China have discussed with me the necessity for the formation of a ‘new’ type of Daoism. The point of this is to move away from the pointless ‘dead-ends’ of superstitious teachings and empower Daoist practitioners with the most effective and efficient medicalised training programmes available. Without a shadow of a doubt, this redesigning will have to accommodate the rigours of modern medical science just as it should retain the elements of traditional Chinese thinking that was premised upon logic, practice, results and replication of those results. Indeed, there is much existing within Daoist (and TCM) methodology that is both ancient in construction and highly effective in practice! Of course, something of a ground-breaking foundation already exists within the teachings of the Qianfeng School of Beijing where its founder – Zhao Bichen (1860-1942) - was able to integrate Western medical science with tradition Daoist and TCM concepts. This modified the Quanzhen, Longmen and Wu Liu Daoist lineages and created a Daoist methodology that educated Chinese people about Western thinking – and Westerners about Chinese thinkers! What many Westerners do not know is that Zhao Bichen often replaced or enhanced a traditional Chinese Daoist term with its exact Western (biological) designate – for instance, for the ‘Ancestral Cavity’ (祖窍 - Zu Qiao) - Zhao Bichen would add the Chinese translation of the Western anatomical term ‘centre of the forehead’. Within his Daoist manuals (see: ‘Taoist Yoga’ translated by Charles Luk as an example), the Western concepts of the ‘centre of the brain’ is used to correspond to the ‘mud pill’ (泥丸 - Ni Wan) and the ‘solar plexus’ is used to describe the ‘middle dan tian’ ((中丹田 - Zhong Nei Dan), etc. All these terms are in Chinese translation and are presented alongside their traditional Chinese equivalent. When Zhao Bichen set about compiling an integrated glossary of Daoist and Western anatomical terms in the early 20th century, such phrases as ‘centre of the forehead’ was completely alien for all but the most well-travelled and well educated of Chinese people of the time. A point that has to be understood is that most traditional Daoist terms were considered ‘obscure’ even for native Chinese-speakers – as the techniques and methods were closely guarded through the descriptive use of metaphor and allegory. Zhao Bichen sought to ‘align’ formerly complicated Daoist terms with regular (modern) terms so that an understanding between the two cultures could be built, and misunderstanding ‘educated out’ of the process of communication. Zhao Bichen was also following the instructions of his two traditional Daoist Teachers who advised him to abandon the exclusivity usually associated with Daoist instruction, and teach any who asked. To modernise and strengthen China, Zhao Bichen decided to align the wisdom of ancient China with the highly effective thinking that formed the foundation of Western medical understanding. Since 1949, the literacy rates in China have sky-rocketed and many modern Chinese readers are now able to fully understand the Western medical terms employed by Zhao Bichen. This allows the average person in China to work backwards into the traditional Daoist codes and decipher the hidden meaning contained inside! The fruits of this labour are experienced by myself when I translate the Chinese-language blog posts of Master Zhao Ming Wang into English. Not only is my task made easier by the integration of Eastern and Western thinking, but this also gives me a firm theoretical understanding when purely ancient Chinese terms are introduced!
Modern medicine is obviously correct and always developing. Over the last two-hundred years or so, the human understanding of how the human body and mind functions has increased dramatically away from the thinking that dominated the primitive tribal formations of early human civilisation. Having made this point clear, I would also like to clarify that other great cultures have also developed their own particular types of medicines and models of what it means to ‘fit’. In this respect, modern medicine has probably evolved from the Greco-Roman tradition which culminated in the Renaissance (14th-17th centuries CE) in Florence (Italy), the Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries CE) in France and the Industrial Revolution (18th-19th centuries CE) in England. However, far more ancient civilisations – such as Egypt, India and China – also developed their own quite often sophisticated systems of medicine premised, it is true, on as much myth and religious notions as it was upon the sound observation of material processes! In many ways, whilst lack the modern dependency upon materialism, the ancient doctors had to take into account many more cultural and superstitious elements when formulating a guiding medical principle that culminated in the treatment of physical symptoms. Although the Western and Eastern models of medicine have both developed the aloof professional dispenser of medical knowledge – the Eastern model of medicine, particularly that of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), allows for an entire genre of what might be called ‘self-healing’ in the sense that this system of health maintenance is considered ‘preventative’ in nature. In other words, the daily or weekly health regimens an individual puts themselves through, are expected to ‘prevent’ the build-up of negative energy in the mind and body, and therefore remove a foundation forming that allows major diseases to form. Of course, a weakness of this method is that a practitioner can never be fully sure just what his health regimen has ‘prevented’ from forming – as there is no available (physical) evidence that records all the illnesses that have been avoided! This does mean that preventative medicine does not work, because even modern medicine allows for the idea that a healthy lifestyle tends to diminish the chances of major illnesses developing in the mind and body. This is a logical approach, as leading a reckless and irresponsible life has definitely been recorded as shortening life-spans! Furthermore, living in poor or difficult circumstances (through no fault of oneself) can also lead to a diminished life expectancy. As somebody of part-Chinese ethnicity – and who has been brought-up with a traditional Hakka Chinese culture – TCM is far more than a doctor’s office and his medical cabinets! It is far more than acupuncture and seated massage, etc. Firstly, the power of TCM (within a traditional Chinese cultural context) stems from the (ancient) family Clan Name. Our name is pronounced ‘Chan’ in the Cantonese dialect, Chin in the Hakka dialect and Chen in the Putonghua language. The old ideogram for ‘Chan’ is ‘陳’ and this is one of the original ‘One Hundred Surnames’ of China. The centre of village life is the ‘Name Temple’ within which the remains of the ancestors reside in specially built ceramic jars. This is usually next to a temple to Buddha, Guan Yin and/or various Daoist or other spiritual beings. The Daoist God of our family is ‘Wong Tai Sin’ - the God of Medicine and Healing. When we bring flowers to the temple and light incense sticks – we are paying our respects to our Clan Ancestors, the Buddha, Confucius, Laozi, Guan Yin, Wong Tai Sin and a number of village gods (that live in the ground, the water, the sky and trees, etc). Practicing our martial forms and strengthening inner and outer exercises in this temple is also considered ‘an act of worship’. The Clan Ancestors pass on to us the (inner) Ancestral Qi when we are conceived in the womb – and the (outer) Ancestral Qi through the traditions associated with our Hakka Chinese village – which includes reading, writing, hunting, fishing, farming, medicine and martial arts practice. According to the old ways – these traditions belong to our lineage (and village) only – and to reveal them to disrespectful outsider has the effect of taking away the inherent and accumulated cultural and spiritual power! As someone who lives in the West and respect science – I can say that TCM exists in parallel to modern medicine - sometimes fulfilling similar tasks – sometimes fulfilling quite different tasks. Inner fitness, for instance, has no equivalent in Western medicine. Inner fitness is the ability to allow the inner qi-energy to flow smoothly and feely through the inner body channels regardless of the health of the body. For instance, if a practitioner has an injured knee and has problems weight-bearing and moving properly during conventional exercise – through the directing of the qi-energy through the area in a non-confrontational manner – the joints works ‘freely’ and without pain despite the injury still being present. Indeed, subjecting an injured part of the body to this ‘medical’ process (usually through an appropriate qigong sequence), the injury itself begins to speed-up its healing capabilities. Although this is sometimes described as being ‘all in the mind’ I can attest that there is a definite physical component to this process. Alternatively, it is ‘not all in the knee’ - but an integration of appropriate psychological processes and physical manipulation. As an injury is an injury – no amount of positive thinking will help a practitioner ‘ignore’ a knee’ injury as the body and mind simply does not work in that way. I suspect that certain aspects of ancient medical systems are very advanced despite the superstitious and cultural nature of its support-structure, and that the Western medical system, as advanced as it is, will one day ‘discover’ these processes for itself!
Working from Chinese language source materials, the term ‘Zhouyi’ (周易) only refers to the manual of philosophical speculation and divination-guidance as formulated and used during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1134-772 BCE), whereas the term ‘Yijing’ ((易经) refers to the similar manuals said to have existed during the Xia Dynasty (2205-1766 BCE) and the Shang Dynasty (1783-1122 BCE) - as well as all additional information integrated into the ‘Zhouyi’ after the Western Zhou all the way up to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), etc. Therefore, whereas the Zhouyi should refer only to the divination ritual of consulting turtle plastron and ox scapula bones as a means of communication with the ‘divine ancestor’ said to abide somewhere in the sky – the term ‘Yijing’ strictly speaking, at least within Chinese academia, refers to the ‘entire’ genre of divination manuals before, during and after the Zhou Dynasty. Whereas the ‘Zhouyi’ can be viewed as a specific chronological expression of the entire Chinese tradition of the ‘divination manual’ writing (i.e., ‘Yijing’) - the over-all term of the ‘yijing’ does not always refer to the ‘Zhouyi’. During the Xia (夏) Dynasty – the divination manual was known as the ‘连山’ (Lian Shan) - and during the Shang (商) Dynasty the equivalent manual was referred to as the ‘归藏’ (Gui Cang). These two earlier expressions of ‘wise destiny’ have not yet been found in their entirety, despite interesting archaeological discoveries hinting at their existence (such as the 1993 Hubei find – thought to be associated with the ‘Gui Cang’, for instance). Taken together, these divination manuals are known as the ‘三易’ (San Yi) or ‘Three Changes’ within Chinese academia. Therefore, the term ‘Zhouyi’ refers only to the divination practices of the Western Zhou, and the development of transitioning the paraphernalia of the divining process into book form. This appears to have been in progress around 800 BCE – with Confucius (and his students) able to access a copy during his lifetime (551–479 BCE). In other words, the thousands of turtle plastron (under-shells) and ox scapulae that had been used over the decades for divination purposes and stored in vast libraries, had been accessed, logically assessed and transitioned into the sixty-four hexagrams, hexagram titles, hexagram sequence and commentaries affixing the three-hundred and eighty-four constituent lines. The basis of each hexagram (six-lined construct) is the straight line and the broken line arranged in three pairs of two, or two pairs of three (trigrams), etc. With each hexagram including a brief explanation of the situation it represents, how this condition was arrived at, and what action might be expected to improve the situation, etc. During the following approximately one thousand years, the so-called ‘Ten Wings’ (十翼 - Shi Yi) are slowly added to the original text of the ‘Zhouyi’ (said to have been named by the Eastern Han scholar – Zheng Xuan [康成] using the term to describe how these extra texts ‘support’ and ‘uplift’ the original text like ‘wings on a bird’) - transforming it into a manual of Yin-Yang (陰陽) interpretive science (collectively, the ‘Ten Wings’ are also referred to as the ‘Yizhuan’ [易传] or ‘Change Treatises’). It is believed that Confucius (孔夫子 - Kong Fu Zi) [551-479 BCE] either wrote all, some or part of these texts, or was responsible for ‘editing’ a pre-existing text relating to the Yijing at one-point during his life. This association is taken for granted in China even though it is also acknowledged that more evidence is required to explain this convention. Part of the ‘Ten Wings’ were written before Confucius lived, some were written during his lifetime, whilst others were written hundreds of years after his passing. However, it is not unreasonable to assume a historical connection between Confucius and the Yijing. The ‘Ten Wings’ seven distinct chapters divided into ten parts: 1) Tuan Zhuan (彖傳), Upper, Treatise on the Judgements of the Hexagrams, Part I 2) Tuan Zhuan (彖傳), Lower, Treatise on the Judgements of the Hexagrams, Part II 3) Xiang Zhuan (象傳), Upper, Treatise on the Symbolism, Part I 4) Xiang Zhuan (象傳), Lower, Treatise on the Symbolism, Part II 5) Xi Ci Zhuan (繫辭傳), Upper, Treatise on the Appended Words, Part I 6) Xi Ci Zhuan (繫辭傳), Lower, Treatise on the Appended Words, Part II 7) Wen Yen Zhuan (文言傳), Treatise on the Elaboration of the Words 8) Shuo Gua Zhuan (說卦傳), Treatise on the Discourse on the Trigrams 9) Xu Gua Zhuan (序卦傳), Treatise on the Sequence of the Hexagrams 10) Za Gua Zhuan (雜卦傳), Treatise on the New Sequence of the Hexagrams Prior to this development, the ‘Zhouyi’ advocates that first Hexagram ‘乾’ (Qian) or (assertive) ‘divine sky’ - interacts with the second Hexagram ‘坤’ (Kun) or (receptive) ‘broad earth’ very much in the context of ‘male’ and ‘female’ interaction in the natural world (thus creating a child through conception). Through the combination of hexagram one and two – the foundations are laid for the manifestation of the other sixty-two hexagrams in a ‘new life’ (and explains why the arrangement of the hexagrams are referred to as ‘post-natal’ [後天 Hou Tian] or more cryptically as ‘latter divine sky’ or ‘heaven’. This may be compared to the term ‘pre-natal’ [先天 - Xian Tian or ‘earlier divine sky’ or ‘heaven] which refers to a ‘pure’ and ‘idyllic’ non-aging existence in the womb which Daoist practitioners aspire to return to through their self-cultivation techniques)! All this ideology is developed further in the ‘Ten Wings’ - but it is interesting to observe that the Zhouyi in its core text – recognised the necessity of describing a physical being existing in the real world – and not an abstract being floating around in the spiritual world. This demonstrates that the ‘Zhouyi’ was logically premised upon an observation of material nature and the need to reproduce the species – a model that only later developed into a manual specialising in ‘Yin-Yang’ science. This process can be viewed as a ‘refinement’ of interpretation with the ‘male’ aspect being evolved into ‘yang’ (light) and the female aspect being evolved into ‘yin’ (lack of light). This seems to indicate that the Chinese scholars developed an understanding that ‘light energy’ was the underlying power to all physical reality – and that the ‘intensity’ (or ‘lack’ of intensity) of the presence of light dictated the type of material world humanity inhabits! Light exists literally in the outside world – but also exists figuratively inside the hearts and minds of humanity. Light flow can either be diminished by selfish thoughts and actions – or enhanced by selfless thoughts and actions! Each of the sixty-four hexagrams (and three-hundred and eighty-four lines) suggest ways for maximising inner and outer light – whilst dispelling inner and outer darkness! This is how the ‘Zhouyi’ became the ‘Yijing’. The literature associated with the Zhouyi-Yijing is comprised of the ‘本经’ (Ben Jing) and the ‘傳’ (Zhuan). The ‘Ben Jing’ is the ‘source classic’ or the ‘original’ and ‘foundational’ text associated with ‘Book of Change’. The ‘Zhuan’ (or ‘treatise’) - by way of comparison – refers to any and all subsidiary material built-up and around the ‘core text’ and used to explain, clarify and expand upon the original concept. The sixty-four hexagrams and three-hundred and eighty-four lines, together with their immediate commentaries comprises the ‘Ben Jing’ (source classic), whilst the ‘Ten Wings’ (十翼 - Shi Yi) serve as the subsidiary ‘treatises’ (傳 - Zhuan). Added to this body of knowledge should be the content of the Xia and Shang Dynasty divination manuals. It is an interesting speculation as to whether the work of the Confucian scholar ‘Yang Xiong’ (揚雄) [53 BCE-18 CE] - namely the ‘太玄經’ (Tai Xuan Jing) or ‘Grand Mystery Classic’ - which ingeniously makes use of a ‘tetragram’ system comprised of ‘straight’, ‘broken’ and ‘double-broken’ lines – should be included in the genre of ‘Yijing’ studies. A problem stems from the fact that Yang Xiong was associated with the short-lived ‘Xin’ (新) Dynasty (9-23 CE) - which temporarily usurped the Han-throne! When the Han Dynasty was restored, anything to do with the Xin Dynasty was attacked, destroyed and/or supressed. Yang Xiong’s otherwise interesting divination manual was never properly associated with ‘Yijing’ studies. Chinese Language References:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/易经 https://baike.baidu.com/item/周易/6219 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/83565371 English Language Reference: Chung Wu PhD: The Essential s of the Yi Jing, Paragon, (2003), Page xxi (I exchanged letters a few years ago with this true gentleman). Dear Alex Very good! There is a point of awareness (and being) where 'to possess sexual desire' is no different to 'not possessing sexual desire'. Both states of being arise from the same fertile ground of non-perception (and 'non-being') and emerge into the material world of 'being' and take their proper place within the dialectical patterns (and cycles) that define human existence. Each has its place and only differ (not in essence but) in function. In the meantime, we can 'retain' sexual essence to build our own health and longevity - or we can 'emit' our sexual essence and contribute to building the body of a 'new' human in the womb! A third-option is emitting sexual essence for personal pleasure - which although enjoyable - runs the risks of weakening our own health and shortening our own longevity. At least this is the standard Daoist viewpoint. Another Daoist practice is that a man can 'absorb' the sexual essence of the woman - and benefit from sexual intercourse providing he does not 'emit' during the process. Even Zhao Bichen's manual ('Taoist Yoga') advises the elderly practitioners to 'stimulate' the genitalia on a daily basis to encourage and build sexual vigour - although this stops short of 'emitting'. The sexual essence must be both 'stimulated' and 'absorbed' back into the bodily system.
If You make an in-depth study of the symbolism associated with the 'Yijing' - or 'Book of Changes' - you will develop an intuitive understanding and comprehension of these diagrams even if you cannot read the Chinese language script! The hexagrams, trigrams, yin-yang roundels and five phases ideology are all designed to convey deep and profound insight into the inner and outer state of a) existence and b) reality. In ancient China only around 10% of the population could read and write. This means that 90% could not understand the complex ideograms - but they could be trained to understand the symbolic language designed to present the highest understanding humanity in China had been able to develop at the time, whilst focusing the mind and directing the physical body. This symbolic acts very much like a modern computer language that transfers immense amounts of data from the mind of the teacher into the mind of the disciple! The 'Book of Change' itself - with its sixty-four hexagrams - acts very much like a 'random access memory' (RAM) which oddly enough, is one of the names used to describe 'god' in ancient Indian philosophy! Original Chinese Language Article:
https://www.wang1314.com/doc/topic-20941322-1.html Humanity exists in a psychological-physical space defined as being situated under the divine sky (乾 - qian2) and above the broad earth (坤 - kun1). Humanity stands on the broad earth and is covered by the canopy of the divine sky! This is recorded in the Zhouyi (周易) - or ‘Changes of the Zhou Dynasty’. This Classical text is better known in China as the ‘Yijing’ (易經) - or ‘Change Classic’, etc. Indeed, existence in this text is presented as an interaction of the forces of ‘light’ and ‘dark’ which manifest in the first two hexagrams as 1) ‘䷀’ (乾 - qian2) - ‘Yang’ (light) and 2) ‘䷁’ (坤 - kun1) - ‘Yin’ (dark). These two hexagrams interact in such a manner so as to produce the further 62 hexagrams which comprise the ‘Book of Change’ – each individual hexagram of which contains the root of the other 63 hexagrams within its constantly ‘moving’ six-lined structure of ‘broken’ and ‘straight’ lines (with each transitioning into its opposite when the conditions dictate). For Daoist self-cultivation, this is a blue-print for the mind and body – and all the changes needed to purify these structures and transform its functionality from the mundane to the supramundane. Nothing in reality (and physical existence) goes beyond the divine sky or the broad earth and these concepts must be thoroughly studied and understood. The hexagram ‘乾’ (qian2) - ‘divine sky’ - is comprised of two particles. The left-hand particle is ‘龺’ (Zhuo) - but this is constructed from ‘十日十’ - with ‘十’ (shi2) referring to the number ‘ten’ or the concept of ‘completeness’, and ‘日’ (ri4) meaning ‘day’, ‘sun’, ‘light’ and ‘every day of the month’, etc. When all three are combined there is ‘completion - sunlight – completion' (龺) or that which ‘gives rise to all things through the power of light, heat and positivity’! The right-hand particle is ‘乞’ (qi3). This is comprised of two particles. The top particle is ‘人’ (ren2) meaning ‘person’ or ‘people’, etc. The lower particle is ‘弓’ (gong1) referring to the use of the ‘bow and arrow’. When all this data is assembled together - 乾’ (qian2) or the ‘divine sky’ suggests an individual (or group) that have mastered the bow and arrow. This in-turn suggests that a complete inner and outer mastery has been attained. This concept is represented by the ability to shoot the arrow ‘correctly’ from the ‘bow’, so that mind, body and environment are unified in a perfect moment of eternal awareness that cannot be shaken. Out and out light re-produces itself without end – like a bow that never ends its draw – or which never needs to be drawn – such is the perfect positioning and readiness of its archer! Although physical ‘light’ originates from the external sun – the spiritual ‘illumination’ sought after by the ancient Daoists emerges entirely from the inner being – and yet as both are pure ‘yang’, it seems that both possess exactly the same source of purity and continuous re-becoming (hence ‘longevity’). The ideogram 坤’ (kun1) - 'broad earth' - is comprised of the left-hand particle ‘土’ (tu3) which is traditionally thought to represent a potter’s wheel upon which is a lump of clay. Whereas ‘乾’ (qian2) or the ‘divine sky’ can be associated with the male reproduction fluid (and the explosive nature of the conceiving moment), the ‘clay’ or ‘soil’ as envisioned within this concept is that of absorbing (feminine) fertility! This ‘soil’ or ‘earth’ is highly fertile and able to reproduce the plant life required for humanity to exist. Just as agriculture and farming are genuine scientific art-forms – so is the act of conceiving, growing, birthing, protecting and educating a child. The idea of ‘clay’ is clever as it suggests that out of one substance (I.e., ‘earth’) - another structure can emerge! A clay-filled soil not only gives rise to the food that feeds humanity and its domesticated animals – but the dirt can be transformed into something completely different (such as a cup or a plate, etc) providing it first passes through the hands of a skilled artisan! Although highly practical in concept, this also refers to the highly skilled guidance of a Daoist Master who ‘moulds’ the inner and outer structures of his or her disciples! The right-hand particle is ‘申’ (shen1) and stands for ‘lightning’. This is comprised of a) 工 (gong1) the sound of thunder (shocking and sudden – like an unexpected attack) b) 弓 (gong1) the shape of lightning (like that of the ‘bow’) and c) 口 (kou3) the sound of thunder (like an open mouth ‘shouting’ or ‘scream’) which all suggests that lightning ‘申‘ (shen1) implies the presence and arrival of the great and guiding divine spirit (神 - shen2)! When combined together - 坤’ (kun1) - strongly suggests discipline and self-mastery through the attention of detail. Attention to detail is the doorway through which the divine spirit enters the earth (and travels through its populations). Without self-discipline the earth cannot be mastered and nothing can be ‘transformed’.
The following details are recorded in the ‘Jinhua Mansion Chronicles’ (金华府志 - Jin Hua Fu Zhi). The historical figure named - ‘Huang Chuping’ (黃初平) - is thought to have lived sometime between 328 – 386 CE (during the Jin Dynasty). As an ordinary human-being, he was born into a poor family of shepherds who lived in Lanxi City - situated in the Jinhua area of Zhejiang province, Mainland China. At the beginning he lived an ordinary where he left the family home in the early morning and herd the sheep into the hills to eat the grass. During the day, he would protect the family sheep from any predators and then take them back down the mountain as it began to get dark. However, one day he met a number of unusual-looking Daoist priests who all very old men – but who looked as If they were very young! Light beamed from their bright eyes and they moved with grace and speed – never slipping or making an error! They were healthy, happy and content! Huang Chuping begged from these Daoist Immortals that he be taught their secret meditative technique! Knowing that he was the ‘true’ disciple’ they had been waiting to encounter – these Sages immediately taught him how to practice ‘neidan’. As he practiced ‘neidan’ meditation in a cave within the ‘Chisong’ (赤松) Mountains – he became known as the ‘Chisong Immortal Master’ (赤松仙子 - Chi Song Xian Zi). When not engaged in seated meditation, he would pursue self-cultivation whilst spending active time looking after the sheep under his care. This meant that he did not return home for the next forty-years – when his brother – Huang Chuqi (黄初起) who came looking for him! The two brothers met by chance outside the cave, and when asked where his sheep were – Huang Chuping pointed at a group of white stones and gave a transformative ‘shout’ which immediately turned the stones back into sheep! Huang Chuqi was astonished to see this Daoist manipulation of power and asked to be taught the ‘neidan’ practice! From that day onwards, Huang Chuqi resolved to stay in the cave and follow his younger brother as his ‘Master’. As their mind-set and physical discipline was very pure – all worldly habits and conventions were immediately abandoned and forgotten. They drank only the morning dew and ate the local pine needles. In the end, this is how Huang Chuqi also became an ‘Immortal’! This is why it is said that the younger brother – Huang Chuping – inherited the genuine Daoist lineage and became a great ‘Immortal’ who taught his older brother as his (lineage) subordinate disciple – a very unusual situation in feudal China! However, Huang Chuping was taught by Master Ge Hong (葛洪) [283-343 CE) - who was a medical expert and renowned for his profound yin-yang knowledge. Ge Hong may have also initiated Huang Chuqi into the lineage but the facts are unclear. Although self-reliance and ‘neidan’ practice were emphasised – those who lacked the ability to pursue this teaching could focus their mind and discipline their body whilst they ‘pray’ to Huang Chuping to heal them from a distance. Huang Chuping eventually became known as ‘Huang Da Xian’ (黄大仙) - or ‘Wong Tai Sin’ in the Cantonese dialect. This translates as ‘Huang Great Immortal’! As word of his healing abilities spread, hundreds of people travelled to the Jinhua area where they establish a shrine that eventually grew into a proper temple! This was known as the ‘Chisong Temple’ (赤松观 - Chi Song Guan). This is considered the ancestral temple of the Wong Dai Sin movement. As Wong Tai Sin grew in popularity amongst the Chinese people – more temples to him spread along the Southeast coastal areas. Temples have even spread throughout Southeast Asia and even to the United States! Today, the most famous temples to Wong Tai Sin are in the Jinhua area of Zhejiang province and in the Kowloon area of Hong Kong! Indeed, it is amongst the Hong Kong people that Wong Tai Sin is associated with martial arts practice and medical healing!
The foundation of Qianfeng Daoist training involves circulating the vital force (developed qi-energy) and essential nature (jing) through micro (up and down the centre-line of torso) and macrocosmic (up and down the arm, hands, legs and feet) channels. When the microcosmic orbit is perfected – the mind should be ‘still’ and all thoughts ‘stopped’. When the macrocosmic orbit is perfected – the luminous (and ‘empty’) awareness should be permanently expansive and embrace the entirety of material reality inside and outside the body. The myriad objects of sense arise and pass away within this luminous void – which is ‘empty’ of ‘emptiness’ without any sense of contradiction, paradox or confusion.
At the beginning, the circulation of energy through the micro and macro channels in inherently linked to the breathing mechanism with no distinction between the two. Breathing-in and the energy rises-up the spine – and breathing-out the energy flows down the centre of the front of the body – with a continuous circulation under and through the groin area and over the top of the head (and through the upper and lower mouth via the ‘tongue’). This is all correct and mostly well-known – although the quality of instruction between Maser and Disciple defines the ‘strength’ and ‘purity’ of the practice. Eventually, when the ‘still’ mind is absorbed into the ‘expansive’ mind, this marks a change in the frequency of energy-flow through the inner and outer mind and body. Things have permanently changed – but the change can be defined and logically explained. This shift in depth of perception indicates that the previous dichotomy of mind and body (micro and macro) disappear and no longer exist. However, the ‘breath’ and ‘energy-flow’ do not integrate in this way. In fact, the breath ‘separates’ from the energy-flow and is understood to have no direct connection with it. Yes – the breath can serve as a physical mechanism that links the ‘will’ of the mind to the faculty of energy-flow – but this is because the individual has not yet been trained in the true-nature of vital energy-flow. Vital energy force flows irrespective (and quite separate) from the breathing mechanism that manipulates its circulation in the early stages of Daoist self-cultivation. The ‘turning of the water-wheel' is a very advanced practice when the breathing mechanism is disengaged from the vital energy-flow. At this level, ‘vital energy’ is understood to be a ‘psychological-physical' force that becomes ever more ‘conscious light’ as the practitioner advances in ability and age. This ‘conscious light’ manifests in the mind and body and outside and around the body! It is the all-healing and wholesome energy-field which defines physical existence and into which a practitioner transitions at the point of physical death! Turning the water-wheel evolves away from the relatively primitive manipulation of the breathing mechanism, and transitions into a deep, pulsating rhythm permanently functioning behind all biological processes. A practitioner no longer ‘wills’ its activity – but rather enters a profound state of awareness which reveals the already existing vital energy-flow that needs no assistance to function once the mind and body have been purified and cleared of all imbalances through the foundational practices. Breathing deeply, exercising regularly and eating properly can all build the strength of the vital energy flow – but only neidan can purify the body of impurities and prepare the mind to perceive the empty nature (shen) of reality! Stilling and expanding the mind is itself the purifying of the foundational ‘eight’ meridians and indicative of a transition toward the ‘awareness’ that defines ‘Immortality’. Although ‘sweating’ exercises are used to purify the body of excessive ‘yin’ - and can assist in the curing of long-term illnesses and injuries, etc – sweating in and of itself does not spiritually develop the individual to point of attaining the perception of ‘Immortality’! It is simply a step along the way that some need. My father is 78-yesrs-old and we can see an aura of light around him! He says that he is 78% ‘light’ and only 22% physical body! He is moving toward giving-up his body completely in due course by transitioning into a perfect expression of light! This is when the life-forces separate completely from superficial matter and assume their purest form. This is when the Water-Wheel (and its ‘turning’) dissolves completely into ‘light’! |
AuthorAdrian Chan-Wyles (內丹 - Shi Da Dao) - Qianfeng Lineage: Zhao Bichen (1860-1942), Charles Luk (1898-1978) and Richard Hunn (1949-2006). Acknowledges Master Zhao Ming Wang (赵明旺) of Beijing as the ONLY Lineage Head of the Zhao Family Lineage of Qianfeng Daoism in China and the world. Archives
February 2024
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